@techreport{oai:shiga-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00009827,
 author = {Aspinall, Robert W},
 issue = {No. A-3},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {Technical Report, Since the Meiji period, Japanese policy-makers have tried to balance national interest with international concerns. This paper begins by examining the efforts of education reformers from the Meiji period onwards to grapple with the challenges presented by revolutionary changes happening in the world outside Japan. Many policy makers as well as ordinary citizens have wanted and continue to want Japan to promote various
kind of international education policy in order to engage productively with the outside world but they do not want the outside world to encroach unduly on Japan’s borders. To this end, policies related to internationalization have tried to develop a model of engagement with the outside world that has two prongs. Firstly, foreign elements that enter Japan will be controlled and assimilated and therefore become “Japanese”
(examples: university students or staff who must be fluent in Japanese before they are accepted into that institution; foreign nurses who must pass the same exam as Japanese nurses if they want to stay for more than three years). Secondly: foreign elements will be controlled for a limited period and given very limited responsibilities and then required to leave (example: limited-contract language teachers at all levels of the school system). This rigid approach to borders also affects Japanese people: if they leave Japan for too long and spend too long in the risky outside world Their “Japaneseness” may become suspect and so this is not encouraged except where absolutely necessary. It can be argued that this attitude gives rise to an overly protective, risk-averse and inward-looking approach to international education policy that is harmful to Japanese students educationally, and is also harmful to Japan’s long-term national interests. An OECD report published in 2009 shows that the higher education sector, in particular, is in need of extensive reform to help Japan cope with the forces of globalization., CRR Discussion Paper, Series A, No. A-3, pp. 1-20},
 title = {Education Reform in Japan in an Era of Internationalization and Risk},
 year = {2010}
}