@techreport{oai:shiga-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00008999,
 author = {Kondo, Manabu},
 issue = {No. 93},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {Technical Report, The new approaches to water resources management that have replaced
dam construction have been investigated after the 1980s in the world. Reflecting
on the conventional dam development policy having brought about the
disruption of ecosystem and serious government deficits, especially this being
applied to Japan, there is a new approach that is known as the “bottom-up”
approach. As some of the concrete results of this new approach, we can point to
“integrated water resource (or catchment) management” (IWRM or ICM) and
“water trading market” being used as an incentive mechanism.
Water trading is the most excellent re-distribution system for water at
present in the stage to which the water resource development based on dams (I
name this type of water development system as “New Deal”-type approach.) has
completed the adjustment of fundamental infrastructures and marginal cost of
new water resources development came to invite government deficits and
environmental destructions. In order to show this, the dam construction policy
and water trading market were compared and analyzed theoretically.
Next, ICM is a new management system based on the “bottom-up”
approach aiming to integrate ecosystem preservation and economic
development.
Both systems were mutually related through approval process of water
dealings, and it was shown clearly that water trading serves as one component
part of ICM, especially in Australia.
Australia introduced these two systems promptly and has developed them
even into a world's largest scale today. We can point out the development
factors which brought about such a big change in the field of water trading as
follows.
(1) Introduction of the CAP system
 1(2) Neo-liberal reform to ”Big Government”, and “Corporatization” of public
services
(3) Introduction and improvement of experience of the international
market-based management techniques
(4) Peculiarity of the irrigation agriculture of Australia
(5) Powerful support as one of the national competition policy by Governments.
The experience of Australia is teaching us that the new water resources
management approach that does not depend on dams can be feasible and
realistic by both the introduction of ICM and the foundation of water trading
market. Furthermore, if this “bottom-up” approach (that is, market-based and
decentralized approach) can be established and extended into Japan, a “too big
government” for economic growth and the bureaucratic rigidity in Japan will be
rationalized to some extent, and a new possibility and vitality could be inspired
into Japanese society., 滋賀大学経済学部Working paper, No. 93, pp. 1-19},
 title = {Development of the water trading market in Australia : teachings to Japan},
 year = {2007}
}